Macbeth - 739 Words

Synopsis Macbeth is a play about a Scottish nobleman who learns, from a prophecy given to him by three witches, that he is to become king. When Macbeths ambition overcomes his moral judgement, he assassinates the reigning king and fulfils the prophecy. In doing so, however, he undermines his own rule with insecurity - insecurity he created when he upset the natural succession to the throne. Beheaded in battle, Macbeths death allows the rightful heir to reclaim the throne and order is restored. Historical background The play is set in Scotland and the characters names, including Duncan, Macbeth, Malcolm and Siward, are based on the names of real 11th century British figures. Although Duncan and Macbeth were both kings in life as†¦show more content†¦From the beginning there were rumours that Shakespeare had used real incantations for the witches scenes, which could have been enough to perpetuate the idea of a curse. Even without real incantations, the supernatural concepts could have been enough to suggest a curse. Historians have also documented a number of accidents that have occurred in the staging of the play, from prop daggers switched with real daggers to cast illnesses and venue-related catastrophes. Other productions have suffered crippling reviews, or critics have savaged the actor playing Macbeth. The most enduring reason, however, is that because Macbeth is the shortest of Shakespeares tragedies and popular with audiences, a theatre would stage the play if it were in financial trouble. A production of Macbeth therefore meant that it was a last-ditch effort to save an ailing venue or company, an indication of impendingShow MoreRelatedMacbeth : Macbeth 1411 Words   |  6 PagesPeter Klimek Mrs. Moeller Macbeth Rough Draft 3/7/16 Ambitionz Az Macbeth Macbeth is a character in a play by Shakespeare with a tragic flaw. He had a quick rise to power and shortly after that a fall. Macbeth’s tragic downfall is a consequence of his vaulting ambition which is fueled by greed, fear and arrogance. Lady Macbeth and the three witches also have a major key in influencing his emotions. They manipulated the emotions he felt so he acted more rashly on them. Macbeth was a guy that couldRead MoreMacbeth Essays : Macbeth 1064 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth Analytical Essay In life, there are two types of people: those who do the right thing and those who don’t. In the play Macbeth, by Shakespeare, the main character Macbeth is given a prophecy by three witches that says he will become king; however, there is no descending line of kings of his own blood. With the knowledge of the Witches’ prophecy, Macbeth’s ambition, and manipulation from his wife, Lady Macbeth, Macbeth is quickly dragged into a never-ending, bloody murder rampage to obtainRead MoreMacbeth - Imagery in Macbeth1331 Words   |  6 Pagesart of making images, the products of imagination. In the play Macbeth Shakespeare applies the imagery of clothing, darkness and blood. (listed from least to most), Each detail is his imagery, it seems to contain an important symbol of the play. Symbols that the reader must understand if they are to interpret either the passage or the play as a whole. Within the play Macbeth the imagery of clothing portrays that Macbeth is seeking to hide his disgraceful self from his eyes and othersRead MoreMacbeth864 Words   |  4 Pagesimagination. In any piece of literature, imagery plays a significant role in illustrating the characters. In the play, Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are developed through the use of clothing, sleep, and blood imagery. Through the use of clothing imagery, Shakespeare exposes and develops the character of Macbeth. In the beginning, Macbeth is seen as loyal soldier of King Duncan. When presented with the title of Thane of Cawdor, he says Why do you dressRead MoreMacbeth1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe Loyalty of Masculinity In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth the main theme of loyalty is explored throughout the play by main characters. Loyalty can be defined as faithfulness or unwavering devotion to a person or cause. Duncan, Banquo, Macduff and Macbeth are all essential characters who are given opportunities to express their loyalty, however it is the different ways in which these characters choose to be loyal or disloyal that shape the play as a whole. It is the character’s loyalty and/orRead MoreMacBeth867 Words   |  4 Pagesart, and Cawdor, and shalt be what thou art promised. Yet for I fear thy nature; It is too full o’th’ milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way† (Shakespeare 1.5.12-15). Lady Macbeth is the bad influence Macbeth has in his life that persuades him into killing King Duncan and rushes into being King. Before Macbeth became paranoid after the brutal death of King Duncan, he was a worthy captain of the kings army. â€Å"The service and the loya lty I owe in doing it pays itself. Your Highness’ part isRead MoreMacbeth1038 Words   |  5 Pageswith it?  Would you do  right or wrong? To ignore the premonitions  or to go ahead,  knowing that if you do go ahead you would  destroy the natural order? This is what Macbeth had to solve within himself,  his internal conflict. Ladies and Gentlemen, an overriding theme of conflict is established within William Shakespeare’s tragic play â€Å"Macbeth†. Conflict. What is conflict? We simply define conflict as the struggle between opposite forces or different opinions between people. Though it doesn’t always haveRead MoreMacbeth1388 Words   |  6 Pages Macbeth: Character Analysis The Tragedy of Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, is about a soldier, Macbeth, and his friend, Banquo, who meet up with three strange witches who share prophecies with the two men. Macbeth is told that he will become king someday and rule the land of Scotland. The rest of the play follows the actions of once a loyal soldier turned into a greedy king, who seeks to hold the crown forever no matter what the consequences may be. Throughout the play Macbeth displays himselfRead MoreMacbeth757 Words   |  4 Pagesat me† Macbeth to Banquo’s ghost. â€Å"This is the very painting of your fear† Lady Macbeth to her husband. â€Å"Double, double toil and trouble; Fire burn, and cauldron bubble†. Witches (4.1.1) Images of disguise and concealment (appearance vs reality): â€Å"Look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under’t† Lady Macbeth, 1, 5 â€Å"False face must hide what the false heart doth know† Macbeth, 1,7 â€Å"There’s daggers in men’s smiles. The near in blood, the nearer bloody† Donalbain 2, 3. Macbeth tellsRead MoreMacbeth2576 Words   |  11 PagesGolden Macbeth * Do you sympathize with Macbeth? Why or why not? Considering whether or not to feel sympathy for Macbeth can be based upon whether or not you think Macbeth has any control of his own destiny. If you think of Macbeth as a pawn in his own game, then you can feel sympathy. He is controlled by the witches, who promise him the crown, at exactly the right time when he has just been promoted to Thane of Cawdor. The witches give him something else to strive for. Macbeth is also

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1100 Words

The Crucible is a 1953 novel written by Arthur Miller. The play is a fictionalized take on the Salem witch trials that took place in the Salem Massachusetts, between 1692 and 1693, one of the nation s worst cases of mass hysteria it resulted in the execution of twenty people. Miller wrote the play to reflect McCarthyism during the cold war when the U.S congress began to blacklist accused communists. Miller himself was later accused of possibly being involved in the communist party. Throughout the play many characters are accused for a plethora of reasons whether that be hysteria, reputation, etc. One of the main motivations many of the accusers had was to revenge on those whom they did not favor for their own personal reasons and gain. In Arthur Miller’s the Crucible characters Abigail and Parris use red herring and ad hominem in order to maintain their reputation, avoid persecution and gain revenge over those whom they did not favor. The fear of losing one’s reputati on can push people to do or say things to avoid it entirely. Parris feels as if his reputation in the village could be in question if it is revealed that witchcraft is being committed in his own home. How could such a â€Å"godly† man have something so â€Å"unholy† occurring in his own household? This level of fear causes him to say or do things purely to maintain his reputation. In Act One while addressing Abigail about what he had seen in the forest he decides to change the subject by saying â€Å"Abigail, is there anyShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experiencesRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with thre e types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be the

Too much tv Free Essays

Watching something on a screen will not replace watching it in real life. The viewer will not get an education by watching shows like â€Å"The Sopranos† or â€Å"24†, Just like it will not make them dumber by watching shows like â€Å"Keeping up with the Sardinian. † Finally, it will not replace the fact that watching everything on a screen is not real life. We will write a custom essay sample on Too much tv or any similar topic only for you Order Now While one can learn a great deal about what is going on in the world by watching the news on CNN or FOX or CBS, it is still important to try to get that same education in other forms like the newspaper, or the Internet. Getting everything you want from Just one source is never good, and it is Just too much T. V. I love watching television, and I watch it a lot, robbery more than I should. I love watching shows or the basketball game and losing myself in the excitement of a program. In addition, I like watching the news to learn what is going on in the world, what is going on domestically. For example I watch Nettling on rerun at night till I fall asleep or maybe I do it because I cannot sleep and I get bored. However, I have never felt smarter after I finished watching â€Å"The Big Bang Theory. † I may have felt in the past as though I have learned a thing or two, but do I feel smarter? Never. Steven Johnson argues that some television shows are so employ they make you â€Å"think† and make you smarter. For example he says that â€Å"you have to focus to follow the plot, and in focusing your exercising the parts of your brain that map social networks, that fill in missing information, that connect narrative threads (292). But does watching shows that don’t make you think, like â€Å"Keeping up with the Sardinian,† make one dumber? Months ago, I watched the whole season of â€Å"Orange Is the New Black† on Nettling in the span of 2 days, After watching this show I did not feel smarter or dumber, I did not feel like I could survive in prison, I did not feel like I could be a lawyer. I did feel a little lazy, and kind of like I Just wasted a whole weekend . Watching some shows can make a Joke out of something and at the same time make a point about our society. Antonio Peacock in her essay â€Å"Family Guy and Freud: Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious† gives an example how Americans are willing to follow the instructions of a celebrity blindly- and less willing to admit that they are doing so (Peacock, 304). Television does the same thing, television might help keep the viewer interested on what is going on with what you are watching, but it is not teaching the viewer anything else about what is going on round you, it is Just stuck on whatever it is for the next 30 minutes. However, Television does have its benefits, it allows viewers to open up to things they may not have been open to before. It can help them see life is different in places like San Diego than in Israel or Egypt. There are benefits to watching a cooking a show and learning a new recipe. And I understand how watching the new thriller can get you to think and try to solve a problem you would normally not do. However, the way you will get smarter or learn the new recipe is by actually doing those things yourself. I ill learn that new pose on yoga by actually trying it myself physically on the floor. Watching television and thinking we are educating ourselves and thinking we are learning something productive is kind of taking the easy way out. It is an easy way for ourselves to Justify sitting in front of the television so we don’t have to go outside, or pick up a newspaper, or a book, or having a conversation with someone else. Standing up and running is always going to be better than watching the marathon on television. I love television, I spend a lot of time with it, but let us not make something of it which is not true. It is not a teacher, or a mentor, it is a form of entertainment and a way to lose your time. How to cite Too much tv, Papers

Should Wealthy Nations Be Required to Share Their Wealth free essay sample

While the world is going so fast, a lot of countries are still inefficient in following this global trend. While citizens in developed countries have a high standard of living, people in poorer are nations still suffering from the terrible and bad economic conditions as well as in their quality of life. Thus, in my view, I strongly believe that the wealthy countries should take some responsibility to share parts of their wealth to those poorer nations. The first reason is that this world economic imbalance can lead to many global problems. As you may know, many problems result from the difference in economic conditions. Hardship and hunger prompt people to begin doing illegal activities. For example, in Somalia, one of the poorest countries of the world, the Somalian citizens have begun to turn themselves into pirates and attacking the commercial ships which come nearby. They claim that they are better off by being thieves. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Wealthy Nations Be Required to Share Their Wealth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is a big obstacle to world trade activities. Thus, to make them have a sufficient resource to live their daily lives without being pirates, I believe that sharing is one of the possible solutions to reduce such problems. Moreover, while sharing parts of the resource might cost a little to one country, it might help a great number of people in another country. Consider this simple example: as we know, the value of one currency differs from that of other currencies, so, the cost of one particular meal in one country could differ from another country. To contrast, one comparable lunch-meal in Thailand might cost $1 per person, while it might costs $5 in USA. Thus, sharing parts of wealthy country’s resources can help a lot more people than we expected, and not cost too much However, the governments of the poorer nations should mainly take the responsibility to look after their people. They should find ways to improve their economic well-being, as well as the standard of living of the citizens. They should not expect to be given things from others forever; instead, they should find the way to enhance the quality of life of inhabitants rapidly. In short, although wealthy nations should be required to share parts of their resources, such as food and education, among poorer countries, I suggest that the main task should be taken by the governments of the poorer country.

Public Transit In Philadelphia free essay sample

Examines its history from 1840 horse-drawn omnibuses to the 1990s rail and bus system and its effect on the citys development and expansion. DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRANSIT SYSTEM IN PHILADELPHIA Introduction This research reviews the development of public transit in Philadelphia. The review covers the period from the introduction of the omnibuses in 1840 to the present day. The Beginnings of Public Transit Horse-drawn omnibuses constituted Philadelphias first public transit system (Wolf 149). The omnibuses, which began in 1840, made travel over short distances cheap and convenient; thus, spurring Philadelphias development. Until horse-drawn trolleys were introduced around 1860, omnibuses were the only city-wide public transportation in Philadelphia. The horse-drawn omnibus a kind of stage coach became the first

The fall of Mussolini in 1943 Essays

The fall of Mussolini in 1943 Essays The fall of Mussolini in 1943 Essay The fall of Mussolini in 1943 Essay From his coming to power in 1922 Mussolini had one clear policy that would play a major part in how he ruled Italy for the next twenty one years.His vision was to raise Italys prestige in the eyes of the world and attempt to re -create an empire to rival that of Ancient Rome.To achieve this, various policies were introduced to revolutionise and influence most parts of Italian Industry and society, in an eventual attempt to transform Italy into a self -sufficient nation, from this basis point Mussolini could then follow his colonial and imperial ambitions for enlarging the Italian empire.However, opportunities such as the World War Two soon showed Italy was unable to maintain a modern war machine, and this under -preparation clearly had its foundations in various failed economic and social policies that had been When Mussolini came to power in 1922 the Italian economy was backward compared with the rest of Western Europe, and its industries, though steadily growing, needed developme nt and were centralised in the northern part of the country.Indeed half the population still made its living by farming and agriculture and even this was flawed by the fact land was not available for everyone.However, Mussolini had little knowledge or interest in the economy as a whole and adopted policies that were relatively short -term and aimed at making Italy self -sufficient in the event of war.Such policies as the Battle for wheat did enjoy some success and wheat production had doubled by 1939, however the land used had to be taken from traditional growing sites such as olives and fruit which eventually reduced income from these products.Mussolinis other major effort for self -sufficiency; the battle for land was also mostly a failure.Indeed marsh land was reclaimed and provided thousands of jobs but the amount of land was limited and the crop output made little difference to the

SAP's Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

SAP's Plan - Essay Example The software of this company was written in Walldorf, they took several months to develop, and their installation would require a team of experts. The coming of the internet brought turbulence to the SAP business. Internet brought completion in the software market. Other companies were producing software that were easy to install and were relatively cheaper than those of SAP. The management of SAP was suspicious of the internet business. However, they decided to experiment on it by creating of subsidiaries dealing exclusively with internet. The move by management to give internet a trial was a prudent one. Creation of subsidiaries was also a safety precaution that the outcome of internet business would not have an effect on the core operations of the company. In addition, the company made acquisitions. One of the acquisition companies head was Mr. Agassi who was a founder of four companies by the age of twenty-four. The management of SAP is in the hands of Mr. Kagermann and Mr. Plattner as co-chief executives. In the making of decisions concerning the operation of the organization, one does not see consultative meeting between them. Mr. Plattner argues with Mr. Agassi in their first meeting. As a result, he challenges him by giving him difficult assignment. Further, he places Mr. Agassi in charge of hundreds of staff and web units. The decisions by this executive seem to be authoritative. The mode of communication is top to a bottom. Mr. Agassi becomes a success in his responsibility. The executive decides that it is time to let go of their conservatism and drive the organization into trending business strategies. This is a major decision. Proper implementation of this decision would make the organization profitable and competitive in the global market. The executive needs to offer leadership which can be done through communication and involving all stakeholders. The management puts Mr. Agassi in charge of taking the organization

Military bearing and discipline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Military bearing and discipline - Essay Example Yes, there is no denying the fact that the concept of military bearing does include all the things that have been mentioned in the last few lines. However, the thing that needs to be remembered is that military bearing is not merely about externalities. Yes, military personnel prefer to be disciplined and ordered, they do opt for dignity and respect in all aspects of their life, they are very particular about a their dressing sense and uniform, but the more important fact is that these things are an integral expression of their internal mindset and personality that gets reconstituted and remolded once they join the armed forces and stop being a civilian. Simply speaking military bearing is a state of mind. It is a way of perceiving and doing things. It is something that is not external, but rather confined to the core of existence of a military man. Discipline is the one most valued much demanded and necessary quality in the military. Yes, military is a job like many other jobs and military men do their duty like other people try their best to be true to their profession. However, with all due respect for other professions, it would not be wrong to admit and acknowledge that military is a profession with a difference. Military is about guarding the safety and freedom of the nation, about protecting the lives of millions of Americans, about turning out to be dependable and reliable partners for one’s colleagues, about a willingness to do the job ascribed to one without questions or qualms. The one central aspects of a job of this nature is that in it there may exist nothing like a second chance. If one fails, one may fail once and for all. Considering this nature of military duty, no other profession is as essentially dependant on discipline as military (Matloff 22). For what is army, but a group of individuals who are willing to set aside their personal beliefs, personal concerns, fears,

M4A2-Theory and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

M4A2-Theory and Development - Essay Example A particular cultural practice determines the kind of commodities consumed (Diller, 2011, p. 167). A firm must, therefore, undertake investigation to ensure segmentation is done to fit a particular niche based on a people’s culture. In so doing, a firm benefits as products will sell making it possible to expand production capacity with less inventory accumulation. A firm motivates by incorporating every group in its work force ranging from migrants, underrepresented to disables who are further rewarded based on performance at different levels and not fixed at a 100% performance evaluation (Bullen, LeFave, Selig, & Chittenden, 2010, p. 134). Employee’s promotions should also be fair based on inclusiveness as talents are not attached to disability as well as minority and hence top management should comprise all groups. A firm further ensures teamwork by including every lot in decision making process based on the principle of triangulation as ideas generated from different employees debated and harmonized to yield increased productivity and its associated sales (Hoffmann, 2007, p. 125). A motivated employee via being incorporated in decision making feels part of success and will further put all his effort to achieve given set goals. Cultural diversity has become an inevitable area for keenness for any success oriented firm. Many consumers show variations in terms of products needs deeply rooted in traditional cultures and traditions (Yajima, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry & Socio-economic Research Center, 2006, p. 124). Cross-cultural motivations of both employees and the consumers through promotions, inclusion in decision making process, top management as well as issuance of gifts to loyal customers has become a feature employed by multivendor Inc. to attract brightest talents in its labor force as well retention of customers who further

An Analysis Of The Dumbest Generation English Language Essay

An Analysis Of The Dumbest Generation English Language Essay The Dumbest Generation, How the Digital Age Stupefies Young Americans and Jeopardizes Our Future (Or, Dont Trust Anyone Under 30) is a critical analysis on the effects of the prolific spread of information and communication technology on the youth of today. In it, Mark Bauerlein argues that while this technology could have been used to increase access to knowledge and therefore improve the minds of children, it has only been used to distract them from useful knowledge and skills which he strongly implies, although rarely explicitly states, only currently come from books and exposure to art. The book at its core is a research paper, using hundreds of facts and an eight page bibliography to support his thesis, and free from having to defend his beliefs on a philosophical level, Bauerlein spends much of his paper explaining his many cited statistics and presenting his conclusion about what would happen if the trend was allowed to continue. Besides the obvious and repeatedly stated concl usion that an unchecked spread of technology would cause a completely ignorant generation, Bauerlein concludes his paper with an explanation of how an informed society is necessary to uphold a democratic government. Hidden more subtly throughout the book is the hidden message that technologys isolation of its users from the outside world and contact with the kinds of people we might not enjoy being around causes the psychological maturing process to slow, rendering a generation raised in the digital era perpetual children. Although his book is intended to be read by a wide range of audiences, Bauerleins target audience is the adults of today, or more specifically, the educators of today. His solution, placed in the final chapter of the book, where he was no doubt aware that only those with a personal stake or a love of knowledge would reach before putting it down, is to encourage children to read and learn for their own edification. He mentions several counter arguments to his, but doesnt refute their logic as much as drown them in empirical data showing that they have little to nothing backing them up. Through this book Mark Bauerlein jumped into a national debate already brought up by another similar book, The Age of American Unreason, by Susan Jacoby. But who is Mark Bauerlein? His most obvious feature is being a professor of English at Emory University, as stated in his web page at Emory Universitys official website and on the cover of his book. Also according to the same sources, he took a break for a couple of years to be a Director of Research and Analysis at the National Endowment for the Arts, showing that he does have experience in both gathering and interpreting the data with which he generously fills his book. His own personal website reveals that he is a fairly prolific writer himself, from such topics as racism and literary criticism itself, but for the most part Bauerlein writes about the humanities. While this information would obviously lead to Bauerlein having a personal stake in the state of American literacy, it does not really offer any evidence of bias either way for whether or not there actually is a literacy deficiency. Bauerlein uses his credentials well, relying only on his own credibility to properly evalua te data and to extrapolate the results, allowing the actual risk of misinformation to lie with his sources. For the most part, his information consists of surveys of participation in certain activities and tests of academic skill, primarily the National Assessment of Educational Progress, which is a program run by a subdivision of the U.S. Department of Education (Bauerlein 14-5). Where Bauerlein seems to falter in his credibility is in trying to avoid sounding reactionary or out of touch, discussing the information revolution as a form of Youth Rebellion (Bauerlein 178), making sweeping comments such as Young people have too much choice (Bauerlein 156), and showing disdain for the design of websites conforming to the whims of their readers, whose compositions include large bold headlines intended to grab audiences and putting the broad, useful information first to keep the reader paying attention, while completely ignoring the existence of these tactics in newspapers and within his own book. However, one can understand why the condescension was included. A moderate book doesnt sell, and an English Professor knows this better than anyone. But despite some issues regarding his relationship to the subject, the book does successfully display the flaws of the so called dumbest generation, and it certainly accomplishes its retroactively stated goal, to open up the issue to some sober skepticism, to blunt the techno-zeal spreading through classrooms and libraries (Bauerlein vii), found in the preface of the paperback edition. The purpose of the book is plain, and stated in its title, sub title, and sub-sub title. Bauerlein uses statistics and logic to show that the current generation of children will be incapable adults in order to convince parents and educators to encourage the children to read books, learn history, experience liberal arts. Like any good research paper, Bauerlein begins his exploration of the effects of technology with a moving introduction. In it, he sympathizes with the struggles facing the ambitious youth, who have to tirelessly fight to be the best out of millions just to progress to the next step in their lives. However, near the end he suddenly shifts to his own images about the average American student, which are quite grim. The introductions lack of relevance to the main subject was most likely added to pull in someone who would naturally expected the opposite of what is depicted in the first part of the intro based on the title. Also, by conceding the efforts and hardships of the young academics, he does not alienate them, in a way separating those potential readers from the sweeping accusations made later in the book. The pleasantries aside, Bauerlein dives into the fray with his mountains of data, citing over one hundred statistics in the first chapter. He uses several kinds of statistics; so me to show that children do not pass subject material exams, some to show that a large amount of children do not know a specific fact that one is normally expected to know, and some to show that other factors one might consider for causes of a lower average intelligence such as school time (Bauerlein 30), finance (Bauerlein 31), and leisure time (Bauerlein 32) have only become less restrictive over time. After having thoroughly proven that todays students dont know what they should, he moves on into the next chapter to discuss why this is. Bauerlein simply says that children dont choose to learn enough. His weapon of choice now is the survey of students in which he shows that children do not read literature or participate in the arts. The main survey he brings up is a report from National Endowment for the Arts, Reading at Risk, in which Bauerlein show that the reading of any kind of literature is declining, and especially so in children. However, the survey asked about voluntary reading, not reading required for work or school (Bauerlein 45) and despite assertions that to be considered a reader one merely had to read any work of any quality of any medium-book, newspaper, magazine, blog, Web page, or music CD insert (Bauerlein 47), it is unlikely that most of the people who said that they did not read were aware of or understood this qualification, and in all likelihood disregarded a ny reading they did do as sufficient. Bauerlein goes on to give several examples of the positive effects of a zeal for reading such as Frederick Douglass and Walt Whitman, which serve more to emotionally touch the reader rather than to logically prove his point, as the last section did. Back to the facts, Bauerlein sends out scores of numbers indicating that the youth of today spend a disproportionate amount of time on screen technology. However, instead of merely analyzing the data, he takes the time to bring up counterarguments. He shows how other authors such as Steven Berlin Johnson have explored the special social and thinking patterns that could only occur in a world of instant communication and interactive digital worlds in such books as Everything Bad is Good for You, and doesnt actually protest their reasoning, and even gives us his own visions of an ideal world where the technology created a vibrant massive community seeking knowledge and obtaining true enlightenment. And then Bauerlein caps it off with an answer to the rhetorical question Why, then, should bibliophiles and traditionalists carp so much? with the short maxim, Because that glorious creation of youth intelligence hasnt materialized (Bauerlein 107). He shifts once again to his statistics, now not only showing poor scholastic performance but poor job performance as well, painting a new picture of a generation of perpetual children who know little and know nothing practical. Not only do the digital medias have less complex vocabulary (Bauerlein 128-9), but they foster peer absorption (Bauerlein 133) and poor attention spans (Bauerlein 148). He describes the newest batch of young adults as twixters (Bauerlein 160) who despite financial stability, technology, and readily available education, do not settle down and wander through life fairly aimlessly. The solution, according to Bauerlein, is for the educators of America to rise up and promote reading and arts instead of technology alone, which has been shown to be ineffective by itself to promote learning and knowledge. In the final chapter, Bauerlein compares an ignorant adults that the ignorant children would become to Rip Van Winkle (Bauerlein 204-9), knowing nothing that they need to in a world that suddenly demands their attention and participation, and unaware of how to feel about the issues surrounding them. Bauerlein closes with a conclusion that if uncorrected, the trend of an unintelligent youth would undermine democratic society, and that only by reintegrating tradition into learning could we save society from the sovereignty of youth. (Bauerlein 223) brought about by a freedom from material that challenges what they think. The overall structure of the book is designed for a broad range of readers. An interesting introduction pulls in readers of all sorts, and then a series of facts puts the issue of childhood ignorance freshly onto the minds of concerned adults. Specific proof of his claim trails this to counter those who doubt the validity of his claim, followed by acknowledgement and rebuttal of claims to appease those more enlightened on the subject, and he finishes the book with a powerful, almost alarmist message that exploits the fears of a society of idiots and their patriotism to swing to his side his colleagues, students, and critics. Of course, Bauerlein is certainly not the first to comment on the rising ignorance among todays young adults. Just three months before The Dumbest Generation was published, The Age of American Unreason, a book by Susan Jacoby, hit the shelves with a similar conclusion, that the digital age has caused the current youth to become self absorbed and ignore what goes on around them; Bauerlein mentions it in passing. For long years it has been suspected that digital technology would not improve education. In an essay by Michael Schrage from 1997, aptly named Computers Will Not Transform Education, shows doubt about the young internets ability to revolutionize education, and points out that neither the radio nor the television had a great impact on student performance. This sentiment was also expressed in another essay that year, Computers Cannot Replace Good Teachers, by Clifford Stoll, who makes the calm assertion that most learning isnt fun. Learning takes work. Discipline. Responsibilit y-You have to do your homework. Both of the predictions of a high amount of spending on technology by education and an insignificant change in performance are evident in The Dumbest Generation. However, Bauerleins presentation of poor performance seems to contradict the Flynn effect, the rise of IQ over time, but instead of contesting it, he lets it sit, and in some ways appears to ignore the elephant in the room when discussing the relevancy of new visual learning techniques, relying nearly entirely on test performance. However, not all of the data works in favor of Bauerlein. According to The Nations Report Card, the official web site for the National Assessment of Educational Progress, Mathematics scores for 9- and 13- year-olds are higher than all previous assessment years and that Reading skills at all three ages improve since 2004. Furthermore, according to the charts on the long-term trend section of the web site, average scores overall have increased gradually but constantly since the first test in 1978. So while Bauerlein may be correct that the number of students who pass the test may be decreasing, this is mainly due to the level of competence being raised faster than the children are getting better, a much less frightening scenario. In fact, On both the reading and the math tests, and at all three tested ages (9, 13 and 17), the lowest-ever scores in the history of the NAEP were recorded by children born between 1961 and 1965 (Neil Howe). However, the raw score increase has not gotten any faster in thirty years, the increase is most likely due to increased incomes, higher teacher to student ratios, better health, and many of the other improvements that Bauerlein points out rather than technology, which would have shown higher improvement in recent years, when the information revolution started. Of course, all of this is only relevant if you put your faith into NAEP tests, which according to Jim Hull of The Center for Public Education in The proficiency debate: A guide to NAEP achievement levels, you cant. Hull shows that NAEP standards for proficiency in a subject are higher than nearly all of the state regulated proficiency tests, and the tested material often widely differs from state curriculum. One of Bauerleins main sources is Reading at Risk, a report explaining the results of a 2002 survey of reading habits by the National Endowment for the Arts, which he states indicates decreased reading in all age groups and a large decline in young readers. However, the 2008 results were released in January 2009, as a sort of sequel titled Reading on the Rise, which bared the unexpected news that the percentage of literary readers had actually gone up, and even more astoundingly, Literary reading has increased most rapidly among the youngest adults. This isnt just contradictory to the trend of 1992 to 2002, from which Bauerlein draws proof of a non reading public; it completely turns it upside down. And while the report was published eight months after The Dumbest Generation, the survey itself was taking place as Bauerlein was finishing his book, and that the miraculous return to literature had begun and reading rates were rising as Bauerlein was writing about how the reading rates w ere falling, and he didnt notice the complete reversal happening right under his nose, or chose to ignore it. Most people who picked up The Dumbest Generation were probably expecting a lot of expanded logic and presumptuous reasoning like what makes up the counter arguments to this book such as Everything Bad is Good For You, which do not have much true evidence. I was personally delighted to find that Mark Bauerlein had taken the time to find not just adequate data, but a tremendous amount of information. For the most part, his logic is sound; however, his main struck a bad chord. Because technology has increased while the intellectual performance of the newest generation has gone down, technology must be causing the newest generation to be the dumbest. Post hoc ergo proptor hoc. While he briefly explains why several other possible causes for lower test scores havent happened, he doesnt ever find a factual link between technology and the change in scores other than the times in which both occur. As far as books and technology, print reading would naturally decrease as web usage went up, sim ply due to the limits of time. In fact, Bauerlein doesnt have any proof of high literary reading from before twenty years ago; we are simply expected to believe that those before us spent all of their free time reading. What Bauerlein fails to address is the fact that social networking is not the result of technology on reading, but the effect of technology on actual, face-to-face social interaction. Ill jump to agree with the assertion that a decrease in performance could be based on the ability to choose not to succeed, but it is society, not technology, that facilitated this shift. The children of today arent expected to read literature much, and dont gain anything concrete from it, so most of them dont and I would expect it. Am I supposed to believe that the students of yore read The Divine Comedy for fun? They didnt, and for the most part, people read only what they like to read or what they have to read. And when children dont have to read much, they mostly read whats fun, eac h other, and other frivolities like video games. In The Dumbest Generation: How the Digital Age Stupefies Young Americans and Jeopardizes Our Future (Or, Dont Trust Anyone Under 30, Mark Bauerlein uses out of context information to convince readers that our advancements have made my generation the dumbest, when really it is simply not expected to do more, and its opinion is valued as important as the instructors. Indeed, with discipline, technology can be and already is used for incredible feats in learning. Without the photocopier, the online databases paid for by my school, and the internet, I would know nothing more on this subject than what is in this book. If more was expected of students, both student knowledge and beneficial use of technology would rise, to the point where English professors like Mark Bauerlein would stop separating published content into the categories of print and web. And quite frankly, Im insulted he used the title The Dumbest Generation when a title more fitting to his thesis would be The Laziest Generation. An alarmist book, The Dumbest Generation was written to sell a malformed idea that an English professor had a lot of published work already invested in, and was written to sell a lot of books. In both of these he succeeded.

Death Penalty Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Death by execution has existed as a punishment since the dawn of time. Yet although this has existed seemingly forever, the question of its morality has also existed for that same amount of time. Killers kill innocent people, there is no question about that, but does that give us the right to kill these killers? I do not think so.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Racism is often the driving force behind crime. Yet in a justice system that preaches equality, it too is led by racism. There is â€Å"a pattern of evidence indicating racial disparities in the charging, sentencing, and imposition of the death penalty† according to a 1990 U.S. Government report. An overwhelming majority of death row defendants since 1977 were executed for killing whites despite the fact that whites and blacks are victims of murder in approximately equal numbers. In Texas, for example, blacks found guilty of killing whites were found to be six times more likely to receive the death penalty that whites convicted of killing whites. Of the 3,061 inmates on death row 1,246 of them are black, making 40% of death row inmates black. Compare this to the fact that blacks make up 12% of the U.S. population. Furthermore, many black prisoners on death row were sentenced to death by all-white juries after prosecutors had deliberately excluded black peop le from the jury pool.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Racism alone is not the only problem with Capital Punishment. Many inmates on death ...

Psychology and Motivation Essay

What are some of the limitations of traditional approaches to motivation? Discuss this question, referring to at least three specific management theories and considering the historical context in which these ideas were developed or adopted. Motivation in general refers to the result of behavioral changes in reaction to internal or external stimuli. Analysis can be done at the individual psychological level too. The studies attempt to understand people’s behaviour and come up with general conclusions from individual cases. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009) Some classified motivation as either a product or a process (Winne & Marx, 1989). In viewpoint as a product, motivation refers to willingness, desire, or condition of stimulation. On the other hand, it can also be known as the cognitive and affective processes where level of motivation or goal-directed behaviour is determined (Pintrich & Schunk, 2002). From this viewpoint, motivation refers not just to an end state, but also to the cognitive processes that control how the end state is achieved (Winne & Marx, 1989). This perceptive contradicts with the hypothesis to which one relates motivation with achievement or performance (Alexander & Winne, 2006). Numerous theories have been made on motivation. Some of the traditional approaches from most quoted theorists would be the classic theory from Frederick W. Taylor and the traditional motive approach pioneered by Henry Murray. Taylor advocated the theory that people will be extremely motivated if their reward is tied directly to performance. It creates assumption that one would choose the path that is most financially profitable and that money is the best motivation. Studies have shown that financial opportunity can definitely result in improvements especially in jobs with lower socio-economic rankings. It cannot be denied that money can motivate most people, but many have risen above it. Example would be religious missionaries, whereby they renounced financial security for greater spiritual satisfaction (Lorenzana, 1993). Murray’s work contributed most to the roots of the achievement motive tradition. Summarizing from his classic work, Explorations in Personality, he uses the concept of need, to explain motivation in two district senses. First, when  one is in a state of need, fulfilling end situations usually come to mind, resulting in one experiencing a sense of desire or wish. Desire will lead to intention and purpose and subsequently to strivings. Whereas the bulk of Murray’s theoretical attention focused on needs as motivational processes, he also used the term need to describe individual differences in hidden nature. In the second sense, a need indicates a potentiality or readiness to respond toward a particular end under particular stimulus conditions. The needs account for majority of motivated behaviour. Viscerogenic needs such as need for food that involves bodily tensions and satisfactions, and psychogenic need such as need for affiliation that involve psychological tensions and satisfactions are directly link to the achievement area. The first is the need of achievement, which he defined as the desire to accomplish something difficult; to excel one self and to surpass others, to increase self-regard by successful exercise of talent. The second is the need for in avoidance, defined as the desire to avoid humiliation, quit embarrassing situations or to avoid conditions which may lead to belittlement. Although for subsequent motivation researchers, Murray’s need proved too numerous and too broadly defined, his influence in the development of the field is unmistakable (Efklides, Kuhl & Sorrentino, 2001). The research and finding of Frederick Herzberg and Abraham H. Maslow is the basis of much of the work in the field of human motivation. In Year 1941, Maslow witnessed a pathetic and beggarly civilian parade, after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, thereafter; Maslow developed his theories of motivation through observation by distinguishing the two types of motives: deficiency motives and growth motives. The previous involve drive reduction and filling an internal lack, while the latter correspond to a higher level of functioning, including pleasurable tension increases and fulfilling one’s unique potential (Ewan, 2003). Building on Murray’s work, Maslow form one of the most well recognized theories of motivation. He identified that there is a hierarchical relationship between the different needs that one have and the basic needs have to be met before the higher level of needs can act as behavioural motivators. The hierarchy of needs from the lowest to highest is: physiological (physical survival) needs, safety and security needs, social needs, self-esteem needs and self-actualization needs (Maslow, 1943) (Refer to Appendix 1). However, there were limitations to the hierarchy of  needs model. In reality, people do not work necessarily in accordance to the levels. They are less structuralizing in satisfying their needs. Many can overcome some needs not being met and go on to higher level. Different people with different cultural backgrounds and in different situations may have different hierarchies of needs too. Furthermore, his theory is almost non-testable. The concept is rather vague with many important questions unanswered such as all the needs to be included in each category. Although Maslow clearly states the characteristics of the self-actualizing individual, he has chosen these features primarily on his own subjective judgment using little objective statistical analysis. And due to the limitations, his perspective generated very little experimental research (Carducci, 2009). Herzberg’s two-factor theory of motivation was based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. (Hollway, 1991) In a research conducted by Herzberg and his associates on 200 engineers and accountants, they identified two groups of factors which give explanation on motivation known as the hygiene factor (job context) and motivator factor (job content). The hygiene factor consisted environmental factors such as salary, supervision, status, job security, working conditions, company policy and administration and interpersonal relations. They named this as hygiene factors as it aids to remove potential cause of dissatisfaction in job situation. Although these factors will not motivate people, they must, however, be present or dissatisfaction will arise. In the other group of factors, Herzberg and his associates revealed what they considered to be real motivators or â€Å"satisfiers.† These factors include the work itself, recognition, and advancement, the possibility of growth, responsibility and achievement (Lorenzana, 1993) (Refer to Appendix 2). In short, hygiene factors allow one to satisfy basic needs and avoid pain, while motivators reflect people’s need for esteem and self-fulfillment (Sargent, 1990). Herzberg’s were criticized by some researchers as the theory was largely based on research with accountants and engineers, so the findings may not apply to shop-floor employees or clerical staff (Sargent, 1990). The age group, gender, job scope and other significant factors might be overlooked in conducting the research. Besides, salary might be one of the motivation factors too, not just to settle dissatisfaction. One prominent attempt to show the connection between different models of motivation and managerial practice was made by  Douglas McGregor in his book, The Human Side of Enterprise (1960). He wrote in his book that â€Å"Man is a wanting animal – as soon as one of his needs is satisfied, another appear in its place.† McGregor was greatly impacted by Maslow, building on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs framework, he came up with two sets of assumptions about people: Theory X and Theory Y. He strongly believed that effective leadership depends on mana gement assumptions about the nature of management and people in general (Sargent, 1990) Theory X stress that the average mankind is naturally lazy, dislike work of any kind and will avoid it whenever possible. One has no ambition and prefers to be led rather than lead and take responsibility. One can be self-centred and unconcerned to the needs of the organization. Moreover, he is gullible and not particularly bright or judicious. Worst, he is resistant to change. They need a mixture of carrot and stick to perform (Lorenzana, 1993) (Refer to appendix 3). Theory Y, on the other hand, defend that the average mankind is not laid-back, nor is he without urge to assume responsibility. He can be self-motivated, and find self-satisfaction in work if the right kind of environment is provided by managers. They are people not by nature passive or resistant to organizational needs (Lorenzana, 1993). One weakness of Theory X is that it exercises a form of social control characterized by strict obedience to the authority of the organization, and maintenance and enforcement of contro l through the employ of oppressive dealings including intimation and mockery of employees. Theory X and Theory Y could hardly be applied as perfect models in the real world. It cannot be accepted too literally due to the dichotomy of unrealistic extremes (Stevens, 2009). Back to where I started from, a more philosophical direction can be used to approach motivation as some theorists see motivation as a much more positive experience. Motivation itself can form behaviours that lead to increases in future motivation. Maslow’s concept of self-actualization could be applied within this framework (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009). Many theorists build on one another theory in aspiration to come up with a more comprehensive approach to motivation, as well as through the research of psychology and behaviour of one. Though there might be limitations to each theory, they are still vastly used by the modern organization, usually a mixed choices of theories. Substantial improvements in the effectiveness should be seen as the social science will continue to contribute to the devel opment of  motivation. Physiological Needs Physiological needs are the very basic needs such as air, water, food, sleep, sex, etc. When these are not satisfied we may feel sickness, irritation, pain, discomfort, etc. These feelings motivate us to alleviate them as soon as possible to establish homeostasis. Once they are alleviated, we may think about other things. Safety Needs Safety needs have to do with establishing stability and consistency in a chaotic world. These needs are mostly psychological in nature. We need the security of a home and family. However, if a family is dysfunctional, family members cannot move to the next level because they have safety concerns. Love and belongingness have to wait until they are no longer in fear. Many in our society cry out for law and order because they do not feel safe enough to go for a walk in their neighbourhood. Unfortunately many people, particularly those in the inner cities, are stuck at this level. Need to Belong Love and sense of belonging are next on the ladder. Humans have a desire to belong to groups: clubs, work groups, religious groups, family, gangs, etc. We need to feel loved (non-sexual) by others, to be accepted by others. Performers appreciate applause. We need to be needed. We see numerous examples in advertising where our need for group belonging is tied to consumption of a particular product. Esteem Needs There are two types of esteem needs. First is self-esteem which results from competence or mastery of a task. Second, there’s the attention and recognition that comes from others. This is similar to the sense of belonging level; however, wanting admiration has to do with the need for power. People, who have all of their lower needs satisfied, often drive very  expensive cars because doing so raises their level of esteem. Self-Actualization The need for self-actualisations is â€Å"the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.† People who have everything can maximize their potential. They can seek knowledge, peace, aesthetic experiences, self-fulfilment, and oneness with God etc. It is usually middle-class to upper-class students who take up environmental causes, go off to a monastery, etc. (Maslow, 1970) Appendix 2: There are two classes of factors that influence employee motivation; intrinsic factors and the extrinsic factors. The intrinsic factors were also called the motivator factors and were related to job satisfaction. The extrinsic factors were called hygiene factors and were related to job dissatisfaction. Motivators (intrinsic factors) led to job satisfaction because of a need for growth and self actualization, and hygiene (extrinsic) factors led to job dissatisfaction because of a need to avoid unpleasantness. The negative or positive KITA or â€Å"kick in the ass† approach to employee motivation yields short- range results, but rarely generates any actual motivation. In fact, to call it an â€Å"approach to motivation† is to clearly misunderstand motivation as Herzberg understood it. KITA yields movement — the avoidance of pain — not motivation. Positive KITA, in the form of raises and incentives reduces time spent at work, inflates wages and benefits, and overemphasizes human relations. K-I-T-A techniques fail to instill self-generating motivation in workers. Job content factors, such as achievement and responsibility, are motivators, while job environment factors are hygiene or KITA factors. Motivators are the key to satisfaction. (F. Herzberg, ‘Management Review, 1971, pp. 2-5) Appendix 3: Theory X Theory X’s hard-line approach is grounded in coercion, implicit threats and intimation, close supervision, and tight command and control. Such an  approach typically results in hostility, purposely low output, and hard-line union demands. In contrast, a softer approach might produce an ever-increasing request for more rewards and ever decreasing work output. References Alexender, P.A, Winne, P.H 2006, Handbook of Educational Psychology (2nd ed.), Lawrance Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah: New Jersey, USA Carducci, B.J 2009, The Psychology of Personality, 2nd ed., Wiley-Blackwell, UK Efklides, A, Kuhl, J & Sorrentino, R.M 2001, Trends and Prospects in Motivation Research, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands Ewan, R.B 2003, An Introduction to Theories of Personality, 6th ed., Lawrance Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah: New Jersey, USA Hollway, W 2001, Work Psychology and Organizational Behaviour: Managing the Individual at Work, SAGE Publications Ltd, London Lorenzana, C.C 1993, Management Theory And Practice, Rex Printing Company, Inc., Florentino St. Quezon City, Philippines Maslow, A.H 1970, Motivation and Personality, Harper and Row, New York Maslow, A.H 1943, A Theory of Human Motivation, Psychological Review, Vol.50 â€Å"Motivation.†, Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica, viewed on 21Sep 2009, . Pintrich, P.R, & Schunk, D.H 2002, Motivation in education Theory research, and application, 2nd ed., Merrill Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River: New Jersey, USA Sargent, A 1990, Turning People On: The Motivation Challenge, Short Run Press Ltd, Great Britain Stevens, D.J 2009, An Introduction to American Policing, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC, USA Winne, P & Marx, R 1989, A Cognitive-processing Analysis of Motivation with Classroom Tasks, In C.Ames R.Ames (EDs.) Research on motivation in education (Vol 3.), FL Academic Press, Orlando

Kids Free Time Train Games, Comic Books, and Attractive Plays

Kids Free Time Train Games, Comic Books, and Attractive Plays Games, Comic Books, and Plays for Kids You Need Have you ever thought about which games your children, siblings, or cousins play, or which comic books they read, or plays they watch? Recent surveys have stated that it becomes more and more popular to create multicultural games for 4-year-olds and comics books for kids. That is why adults do not understand or even do not like modern games or plays for kids since they are a little bit weird and suspicious for us. However, we should be conscious that you cannot forbid children to explore them just because you do not like them. Instead, you can encourage little boys and girls to choose train games designed especially for them. According to the World association comic books and train games for kids, new online games for 4-year-olds and comic books for kids aim to break the old culture stereotypes on the nationality, race, sex, etc. Thus, scientists believe that these new online train games for kids aspire to build a new world democracy system. Agree that it is much more pleasant to liv e in a world where everyone is equal and follows human rights. Therefore, we highly encourage you to read this short article we compiled for you in cooperation with psychologists, gamers, and government to help you to choose proper games, comics, and transmedia for our kids. Could you believe that teacher recommends your kid play a phone game? It is possible if we are talking about train games for kids. Many new primary and secondary education associations encourage their teachers to implement games for 4-years-olds and comics books for kids during their lessons. The latest surveys confirm the positive effect of such teaching methods since what could be better than playing games and learning something interesting simultaneously? We recommend you the list of toptrain games for kids that will broaden their knowledge and views.The first one called Honour Water. It is one of the train games that explains why the water is so vital in our life. Through singing songs, children find out how to preserve and protect water sources. It suits both iOS and Android. One of the next games for 4-year-olds and older is called Thunderbird Strike. It aims to explain to children the peculiarities of such natural phenomena as lightning and thunderstorm. The plot and the interface of all games are straightforward. Here, you should fight against the black snake and protect your territory. One of the popular train games is Spirits of Spring. It consists of many different tasks and levels you should complete alone or with your friends online. It teaches children to play together, to respect each other, and to avoid bullying. Furthermore, it demonstrates the perfect model of nature-human cohabiting. Add it into your games list. Never Alone is the name of one of the train games that has deep historic roots. The main characters are a young girl from Alaska and her friend a fox. They aim to save the entire world from something strange. The omniscient storyteller tells us the history of Alaska. Furthermore, it teaches children to build up a strong friendship and count on your friends and relatives. One of the games for 4-year-olds and older is Sleep Guardian. As you may guess, it teaches children why it is important to sleep at least 8-10 hours per day. You should protect the main character, a little girl, and help her to fall asleep. Also, it helps to cope with nightmares since the game explains that it is only our imagination and there are no real reasons to be afraid of your bad dreams. Invaders and Survivance are the titles of the next two train games for kids. Both of them aim to teach your child to think logically and analyze information quickly. It motivates them to communicate with others and be open-minded. Furthermore, both include some surviving strategies all kids like to explore. Do you like puzzle train games? If yes, then you will like Gravity Ghost. It is a simple puzzle game for children of almost all ages. Some argue that it is too dull for the new generation. However, the game developers have updated it and made it perfect even for a very demanding customer. This game aims to teach children how to concentrate their attention, cope with difficulties, and successfully finish each their case. Our next recommended game from the list of the best train games for kids is called Path of the Elders. This game tells us about the Treaty 9 a well-known agreement in Canada in 1905. With the help of interactive tasks and multiple choices tests, children can easily find out all the details of this historic event. Furthermore, it teaches us to love our past, old people, and be thankful for all we have right now. It perfectly suits for primary and secondary schools! There are also some eternal train games for kids even your parents play. For example, who does not know about Making Camp, Spirit Lake, Forgotten Trail, or Fish Lake. All these games will be exciting to play alone or together in a big company.Nowadays, it is also popular to read comic books for kids to improve their reading skills. We offer you the most popular and high-rated comic books for kids of different ages.Naw-Pea or NAPI is the main character all children love for his unpredictability and adventures all over the world. It helps your kids to explore the world quickly and make their journey breathtaking. Furthermore, this journal releases each month on another topic. There are also different reading levels for all ages. Do you like traveling? If yes, then The Secret of the Starts is for you. It is one of the comic books that helps to learn about our planet and natural phenomena. The main character is a young man who travels around the world and explains interesting and gripping facts about nature and the world around us. Moreover, he teaches us how to cope with our first problems that seem enormously big. The Wool of Jonesy is perfect for those who want to find out more about life after high school. The main character personally checks all stereotypes, illusions, and myths on this topic. If you want to come back to a hundred years ago, Hero Twins is for you. It is one of the comic books for kids where you can find a short historical background of the 1860s and find out about two brave twins who aimed to protect children on the southwest. Thus, a lot of children want to be like these two heroes. If the previous comic book was mostly for boys, Sila and the Land perfectly suits for girls. The authors are three young women from different countries. They created this comic book aiming to explain to children that there is no difference where you live, we should take care of our planet. Many picturesque and colorful images make this journal one of the best comic books for kids.There are also some plays for kids, but they are less popular than the previous two categories. However, we highly recommend you watch the transmedia Kagagi: The Raven and Sesquie VR: Meridian. The first one is a novel about a 16-year old boy who is a superhero and has to save the world. The second one is a composite of six stories. You can choose one by yourself and influence the final results of the story by your actions. Both plays for kids are available online on different webs. Although all these games, comic books, and plays are for kids, we highly encourage you to play, to read, and to watch together with your children, cousins, brothers, and sisters. First of all, you will spend priceless time together; just believe our professional team and readers feedback. Second, you will understand better a new young generation and even maybe change your thoughts and views. We hope this article was useful to you and your kids! See you! Good luck!

How to Write a Business Report for English Learners

How to Write a Business Report for English Learners If you would like to learn how to write a business report in English follow these tips and use the example report as a template on which to base your own business report. First of all, business reports provide important information for management that is timely and factual. English learners writing business reports need to make sure that the language is precise and concise. The writing style used for business reports should present information without strong opinions, but rather as direct and accurately as possible. Linking language should be used to connect ideas and sections of the business report. This example business report presents the four essentials that every business report should include: Terms of Reference Terms of reference refer to the terms on which the business report is written. Procedure The procedure describes the method that was used to collect data for the report. Findings The findings describe the data or other important information the report produced. Conclusions Conclusions are drawn on the findings which provide reasons for recommendations.   Recommendations The recommendations are specific suggestions made based on the conclusions of the report.   Read the short example business report and follow the tips below. Teachers can print these examples for use in class in lessons using sound teaching writing strategies. Reports: Example Report Terms of Reference Margaret Anderson, Director of Personnel has requested this report on employee benefits satisfaction. The report was to be submitted to her by 28 June. Procedure A representative selection of 15% of all employees were interviewed in the period between April 1st and April 15th concerning: Overall satisfaction with our current benefits packageProblems encountered when dealing with the personnel departmentSuggestions for the improvement of communication policiesProblems encountered when dealing with our HMO Findings Employees were generally satisfied with the current benefits package.Some problems were encountered when requesting vacation due to what is perceived as long approval waiting periods.Older employees repeatedly had problems with HMO prescription drugs procedures.Employees between the ages of 22 and 30 report few problems with HMO.Most employees complain about the lack of dental insurance in our benefits package.The most common suggestion for improvement was for the ability to process benefits requests online. Conclusions Older employees, those over 50, are having serious problems with our HMOs ability to provide prescription drugs.Our benefits request system needs to be revised as most complaints concerning in-house processing.Improvements need to take place in personnel department response time.Information technology improvements should be considered as employees become more technologically savvy. Recommendations Meet with HMO representatives to discuss the serious nature of complaints concerning prescription drug benefits for older employees.Give priority to vacation request response time as employees need faster approval in order to be able to plan their vacations.Take no special actions for the benefits package of younger employees.Discuss the possibility of adding an online benefits requests system to our company Intranet. Important Points to Remember A report is divided into four areas:Terms of Reference- This section gives background information on the reason for the report. It usually includes the person requesting the report.Procedure- The procedure provides the exact steps taken and methods used for the report.Findings- The findings point out discoveries made during the course of the report investigation.Conclusions- The conclusions provide logical conclusions based on the findings.Recommendations- The recommendations state actions that the writer of the report feels need to be taken based on the findings and conclusions.Reports should be concise and factual. Opinions are given in the conclusions section. However, these opinions should be based on facts presented in the findings.Use simple tenses (usually the present simple) to express facts.Use the imperative form (Discuss the possibility ..., Give priority ..., etc.) in the recommendations section as these apply to the company as a whole. Continue learning about other types of business documents using these resources: MemosEmailIntroduction to Writing Business Plans Business memos are written to an entire office. When writing business memos make sure to clearly mark for whom the memo is intended, the reason for writing the memo and who is writing the memo. Memos tend to inform colleagues of office and procedural changes that apply to a large group of people. They often provide instructions using the imperative voice. Here is an example memo with follow-up important points to use when  writing business  memos in English. Example Memo From: Management To: Northwest Area Sales Staff RE:  New Monthly Reporting System We’d like to quickly go over some of the changes in the new monthly sales reporting system that we discussed at Monday’s special meeting. First of all, wed once again like to stress that this new system will save you a lot of time when reporting future sales. We understand that you have concerns about the amount of time that will be initially required for inputting your client data. Despite this initial effort, we are confident that you will all soon enjoy the benefits of this new system. Here is a look at the procedure you will need to follow to complete your areas client list: Log on to the company  website  at picklesandmore.comEnter your user ID and password. These will be issued next week.Once you have logged on, click on New Client.Enter the appropriate client information.Repeat steps 3 and 4 until you have entered all of your clients.Once this information has been entered, select Place Order.Choose the client from the  drop down  list Clients.Choose the products from the  drop down  list Products.Choose the shipping specifications from the  drop down  list Shipping.Click on the Process Order button. As you can see, once you have entered the appropriate client information, processing orders will require NO paperwork on your part. Thank you all for your help in putting this new system into place. Best regards, Management Important Points to Remember Use the following structure to begin a memo:MEMOFrom: (person or group sending the memo)To: (person or group to whom the memo is addressed)RE:  (the subject of the memo, this should be in  bold)The term memorandum can be used instead of memo.A memo is generally is not as formal as a written letter. However, it is certainly not as informal  as a personal letter.The tone of a memo is generally friendly as it is a communication between colleagues.Keep the memo concise and to the point.If necessary, introduce the reason for the memo with a short paragraph.Use bullet points to explain the most important steps in a process.Use a short thank you to finish the memo. This need not be as formal as in a written letter. ReportsMemosEmailIntroduction to Writing Business Plans To learn how to write a business email, remember the following: Business emails are generally less formal than  business letters. Business emails written to colleagues are generally direct and ask for specific actions to be taken. Its important to keep your business emails short, as the easier it is to reply to an email the more likely it is that a business contact will reply quickly.   Example 1: Formal The first example shows how to write a formal business email. Note the less formal Hello in the salutation combined with a more formal style in the actual email. Hello, I read on your  website  that you offer Music CD copying for large quantities of CDs. Id like to inquire about the procedures involved in these services. Are the files transferred online, or are the titles sent by CD to you by standard mail? How long does it usually take to produce approximately 500 copies? Are there any discounts on such a large quantity? Thank you for taking the time to answer my questions. I look forward to your response. Jack FinleySales Manager, Young Talent Inc.(709) 567 - 3498 Example 2: Informal The second example shows how to write an informal email. Notice the more conversational tone throughout the email. Its as if the writer were speaking on the phone.   At 16.22 01/07 0000, you wrote: I hear youre working on the Smith account. If you need any information dont hesitate to get in contact with me. Hi Tom, Listen, weve been working on the Smith account and I was wondering if you could give me a hand? I need some inside information on recent developments over there. Do you think you could pass on any information you might have? Thanks Peter Peter  ThompsenAccount Manager, Tri-State Accounting(698) 345 - 7843 Example 3: Very Informal In the third example, you can see a very informal email which is very similar to texting. Use this type of email only with colleagues with whom you have a close working relationship. At 11.22 01/12 0000, you wrote: Id like a suggestion for a consulting firm. How about Smith and Sons? KB Important Points to Remember Email is much less formal than a written letter. Emails are usually short and concise.If you are writing to someone you dont know, a simple Hello is adequate. Using a  salutation  such as Dear  Mr  Smith, is too formal.When writing to someone you know well, feel free to write as if you are speaking to the person.Use abbreviated verb forms (Hes, Were, Hed, etc.)Include a telephone number to the signature of the email. This will give the recipient the chance to telephone if necessary.It is not necessary to include your email address as the recipient can just reply to the email.When replying eliminate all the information that is not necessary. Only leave the sections of text that are related to your reply. This will save your reader time when reading your email. ReportsMemosEmailIntroduction to Writing Business Plans

Anthropology. write an essay (3000 words maximum) on the development

Anthropology. write an (3000 words maximum) on the development of writing - Essay Example One of the oldest written references to King Solomon’s Temple is in form of inscription on a slice of clay. There are different types of writing systems which include logography, syllabaries, alphabets and featured scripts. The grapheme which represents a word or morpheme is called a logograph. They are commonly known as hieroglyphics. However, hieroglyphics represent ideas more than words (Brown, 1998: Pg 63). They are visual symbols rather than phonemes. All logographic scripts rely on the principle of rebus. This writing system includes Logoconsonantal scripts and logosyllabic scripts. It is a set of symbols that represents syllables. It is phonetic system of writing. Syllabaries are best suited to language with basic syllable structure, for example Japanese (Carter, 1984: Pg 123). Normally it is made of a consonant and a vowel or just a single vowel. The Inuktitut orientation the symbols are used to indentify vowels and small symbols are used to write syllable consonants. Alphabets can be defined as small set of symbols, each one historically represents phoneme of a particular language. A perfect phonological alphabet is the one in which letters correspond perfectly in different directions (Christin, 2002: Pg 87). Writers can predict the spelling of a word easily provided its pronunciation is given. Many languages often evolve of their writing systems and similarly the writing system have been borrowed other systems from different languages. The extent to which letters of an alphabet correspond with the phonemes varies from one language system to another. The featured scripts are the building blocks of phonemes which make up a language. For example the sound pronounced with lips can have some elements in common. It represents finer details than an alphabet. The history of written communication follows the path of civilization which in turn, moves in reaction to changing cultural norms. The transfer of information and

Museum Visit and Exhibit Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Museum Visit and Exhibit Review - Essay Example Within this context, the artist makes use of a common location (say, La Grenouillere) as the most important factor that adds vividness to the main theme. This helps the viewers to have different view of a familiar place used for recreational purpose. The rippling effect on the surface of the water body is symbolic of liveliness of nature. Besides, the background (blue sky and thick vegetation) is symbolic of unexploited tranquillity. On the other side, one can see that the most important message of the painting is that cordial relationship with nature can fill human minds with hope, not despair. Techniques: The artist makes use of light in artwork to expose the effect of the same on his immediate surroundings. Francesco Salvi states that, â€Å"In Monet’s painting, the bright sunshine in the background contrasts with the cool shadows in the foreground† (28). To be specific, the artist provided ample light to the background (trees, horizon, sky etc). But the foreground ( boats, water body, foliage etc) is portrayed in less light. This progression from less brightness to brightness proves that the artist is deeply interested in the use of light in his artwork. The dominating colours in the artworks are dark green, grey, blue, bluish green, and combination of green, yellow and brown. This unnatural combination of different colours provides vividness and depth to the artwork. The ‘Actual texture’ technique (say, flowing water and floating objects) made use by the artist helps the viewers to consider the artwork as dynamic. The artificial island with a tree is the focal point and the same provides balance (say, symmetrical balance between nature and manmade objects) to the artwork as a whole. The dark contrast in the foreground and the brightness in the background are helpful to view the artwork from a different angle. To be specific, the combination of darkness and brightness enhances the visual acuity of the artwork. On the other side, th e artwork’s proportion is symbolic of the crafty combination of living and lifeless objects. Still, nature dominates the artwork because the same is the main theme and plot. Style: The artwork is symbolic of Impressionism because the artist himself is the mastermind behind the origin of Impressionism in Europe. To be specific, noticeable brush strokes, accuracy of light (bright and dark), time element, usage of usual subject/theme, liveliness, human perception of nature, strange visual angles etc prove the influence of impressionism. Ronald R. Bernier opines that, â€Å"In this picture Monet directs the viewer’s attention not to a unified narrative or synoptic view of things but to the lack of homogeneity, both in the procedure of painting and in the subject itself† (29). So, one can see that the artwork named as La Grenouillere represents the development of impressionism and impressionist painting. Compare and contrast: One can easily identify that the artwork represents the popularity gained by impressionism in Europe. To be specific, the basic elements of this artwork are strictly limited to the context of European Impressionism. Martha Moore opines that, â€Å"The label impressionism ironically resulted from negative criticism of Claude Monet’s Impression Sunrise in 1874† (227). Besides, Impressionism developed in Europe as experimentation within the context of

Assesment Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assesment Paper - Assignment Example As a result, I am rigid of character and prefer dealing with details and facts. Because of my evaluative character, I prefer being logical on things and aim at achieving the best from things. The knowledgeable character that I have leads me towards preferring ideas that are challenging and require me to go deeper into things. As a result, I have an objective feature that enables me to look at the optimistic side of things. From my social character, I have a long chain of friends who have further enabled in the development of my character. The sociable character has enabled me to deal with a wide majority of individuals, which has come in handy with features that are more sociable. Such features include developing new relationships with others. Such has allowed me a chance to lead a more interactive people. With such characters, being with people brings me all the joy. The need to uphold my ideologies has depicted that I have a concrete and literal feature. The concrete nature enables me to hold onto my ideas, while preventing control by other people. As such, I prefer to make decisions based on my feelings as opposed to logic. I am more secure following my conscience as opposed to group proposals. Following the program, I was able to realize that I may be holding a leadership position in the next five years. A number of leadership skills will enable the performance in this capacity. The main leadership strengths include the ability to influence others. During the evaluation program, I realized that I have great skills in communicating ideas to other people. My well-enhanced communication skills, bolstered by interactive characters, will enable me in working in a leadership capacity in the future. Moreover, my goal-oriented character would ensure a sense of direction in managing others as a leader. I will be able to ensure the interaction between people and the ensuing pooling of efforts to achieve a common set of

International finance manager Essay Example for Free

International finance manager Essay Bob Swan is the International Finance Officer to eBay Inc. He is also the senior vice president to the company. He is responsible for eBay’s finance function including controllership, tax, treasury, financial planning and analysis, audit, mergers and acquisitions, and investors relations. He has worked for Electronic Data Systems Corporation (EDS) as an executive vice president. He has also served as Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and executive vice president at TRW, Inc. , held an executive-level position at Webvan Group, Inc. His career started with General Electric in 1985 where he spent 15 years while serving at different positions such as corporate audit staff and CFO at GE Medical Systems-Europe and GE transportation Systems. Bob holds a bachelor of science in business administration from State University of New York at Buffalo. He also has a master of Business Administration from SUNY Binghamton. (eBayExecutiveTeam 2010). Risks management eBay as an online marketplace faces a number of risks. It list millions of items across thousands of diverse categories, including antiques, books, toys, sports, computers, photography and electronics and others. It has to manage operational risks and regulatory and legal issues. The company focuses on building trust and safety for trade to its customers. This is ensured through rules and policies, trust building programmes, various educational resources which help in maintaining general marketplace security and prevent fraud. The company also works with law enforcers and government agencies in the world so as to enforce its policies. Its trading policies are rooted in the values of the eBay market place. It seeks to encourage open, honest, and accountable transactions. It also seeks for feedback from the customers so as to ensure good services. The company also has an eBay safety Center to ensure buying and selling safety. (About eBay 2010; Philippe 2009).

Music Copyright Infringement Essay -- Napster Laws Essays

Music Copyright Infringement MP3 is an audio format that allows users to compress and send music files easily over the Internet. The major problem with this music sharing is that most of the files are pirated, which has caused a stir in the music industry. Music companies and music artists have been complaining about how their music is being stolen and therefore lowering their album sales. The major blame has been put on Napster and other file sharing software available on the Internet. Napster was a music sharing software that was shut down because of copying and distributing unauthorized MP3 files that violated the United States and foreign copyright laws. One of the major reasons why Napster was shutdown is because of Lars Ulrich, the drummer for the band Metallica. Lars Ulrich complained about Napster and how his music was being shared illegally on the Internet. To stop this Lars filed a complaint against Napster and then personally presented Napster with the names of thousands of Napster users who have allegedly been trading the band’s songs online without permission. This created a major problem for Napster as this was brought up to the United States Supreme Court. Napster argued in court that music is for sharing and all that Napster does is give people the opportunity to talk about what music they like what music they want to trade. The RIAA argued that sharing files over the Internet is illegal because the files are stolen and not copyrigh ted. Evidently Napster lost the court battle and therefore was forced to shutdown causing millions of users to find another way to share music files over the Internet. Shutting down of Napster caused a major race for who would be the next major softwa... ...iles. In the end music industries fear that people will inevitably stop buying CD’s causing the industry to be out of business. It is trying to do all that it can to keep the music industry going strong by going to courts and filing lawsuits against piracy. But as technology improves and more and more people are learning how to download and burn their own CD’s, this fight against piracy will almost be impossible. The decrease in sale has been very noticeable and it will only continue to fall. It seems like the only way to stop illegal file sharing is to shut down the internet. But the chances of that happening are not good therefore the music industry has their work cut out for them. Click Here For Some Links: http://newsfactor.com/perl/story/4704.html http://news.com.com/2100-1023-252862.html?legacy=cnet http://www.napstermp3.com/news.htm

Death Penalty :: essays research papers

One of the most controversial debates that rages constantly in this country is the argument over whether capital punishment should be outlawed. There are two basics arguments within the debate over capital punishment: First is the question of whether capital punishment is moral, or more simply put, whether it is right. And second is the question of whether capital punishment is constitutional. Although the death penalty has come far into the forefront recently, the constitutionality of the death penalty is not a new question. The death penalty has never been outlawed nationally per se, but for a period in the mid 1970's the Supreme Court changed the rules about capital punishment so that it was nearly impossible for a state to put a prisoner to death under any circumstances. The problems that death penalty opponents have with capital punishment can be found in the Bill of Rights, or more specifically, the fifth and eight amendments. The fifth amendment gives every citizen of the United States the right to "due process of law", meaning full access to courts and proper representation, etc. Many believe that a great number of inmates on death row have not been given due process, and that no one should be put to death if they have not been given their right to it. The eighth amendment bars the government from doling out any "cruel or unusual punishment" to its prisoners. Although it is certainly debatable whether execution is cruel and/or unusual, many believe that it is, and therefore is a violation of the eighth amendment. There are many facets to this argument, and even an updated Supreme Court ruling is unlikely to quell the debate. There is also another very contentious point in the debate over capital punishment. Obviously, the penalty of death is the most final punishment possible. Many death penalty opponents say that the capital punishment should never be used in a case where the jury or judge is not 100% sure of guilt. They say that, because it is impossible to ever be 100% sure about anything, the death penalty should not be used when someone might be innocent.

Leadership and Steve Jobs

I would like to start out by saying what leadership means to me personally. According to what I learned while I was in the marines being a leader means that you have to be strong and not just on a physical level but on a mental one as well. I have seen leaders make some very tough decisions and sometimes they do have to make the tough decisions even if it is not the most popular one. In the marines leadership also meant having the task to discipline others as well as being disciplined yourself. One had to be tough so that they can show others how to be the same and survive in difficult situations that life may bring your way.I found an interesting approach to leadership in ebscohost under the article Leaders teaching Leaders written by authors Buck, Marty and Martin, Mary. This article talks about a leadership program at Medtronic Inc. that encourages leaders of the company to do a great amount of self-reflection. A direct quote from Lonny Stormo the Vice President of Medtronic Inc. states â€Å"I wanted an opportunity for my leadership team to spend time on their own development,† explains Lonny Stormo, vice president for Pre-Market Quality.â€Å"In our busy day-to-day work, we don't give our leaders enough time to reflect and identify the areas of development they think are vital for their leadership development. By carving out time †¦ you drive commitment to the process. † I believe this approach gives the leaders of that company the confidence to make intelligent decisions and the employees of the company confidence in the leaders of the company to make the right decisions. The self-identification competencies concept from the article was very intriguing to me as it mainly gives one a chance to look at the great skills they have and how the skills were learned.In my opinion this is a good concept to not only develop leadership abilities but to focus on how each individual can use their strengths to be the best leader that they can be. I h ave learned from another article in ebscohost titled Coaching written by Elowitt, Andrew that leadership can encompass many different areas. For instance, this article talks about lawyers and what is expected of them regarding management of many different cases. Lawyers are expected to have knowledge and display competent leadership abilities in multiple areas include the latest laws when it comes to technology.Although most of the skills that they are expected to know about leadership are not taught in law school it is beneficial for the lawyer to improve on many skills to develop more knowledge and become the best lawyer that they can be. This approach gave me a new view on leadership by teaching me that I could be a good leader in any field as long as I kept an open mind and have a willingness to learn new things. Another important part of this concept is going beyond just knowing the subject but this article also suggest that developing good relationship skills is very crucial t o be a good leader.In my personal years of experience I have found that the best teamwork comes when each team member has a good relationship with each other and the leader of that team. There is a quote in Business News Daily that can be found at the link http://www. businessnewsdaily. com/2632-leadership-quotes. html that Bill Gates stated that says â€Å"As we look ahead into the next century, leaders will be those who will empower others. † Another quote is â€Å"You cannot be a leader and ask others to follow you, unless you know how to follow too.† This was spoken by Sam Rayburn a former speaker of the house. These quotes mean a great deal to me when it comes to leadership. The first one by Bill Gates makes me think that in order to be a good leader that one must have a vision to see greatness and also be able to communicate that greatness to others so that they may become great as well. The second one by Sam Rayburn is one that I always lived by. It lets me know that I should lead by example and not to ask others to do what I am not willing to do myself.This method has made leaders credible and trustworthy or made them into false leaders that are basically company men. The leader I have chosen to talk about is Steve Jobs the late Apple CEO. The reason I have chosen him is because he was an important leader in my field of study which is network administration and he was an awesome leader for Apple and in the technology industry. I have discovered in Wikipedia that Steve Jobs was not only the cofounder of Apple but also Pixar Animation Studios and was viewed as a guru regarding the advancement of consumer electronics.In an article I read in ebscohost from Harvard Business Review there was a quote that was spoken about the leadership style of Steve Jobs by Gilberte Houbart director of Media Product Design that states â€Å"Steve Jobs was a role model of courage and discipline: courage to get through multiple failures and discipline to learn from them. He stayed focused and worked hard, even in the face of illness and death. † I would like to emulate his leadership abilities and this lets me know that I must have the courage to achieve even when obstacles stand in my way and that I can learn from failures.Also from what I read in ebscohost I learned that he was a very hard worker and focused individual and wanted the best from others. It has been said all over the media that Steve Jobs was very persuasive and charismatic when it came to dealing with employees. However, some of his employees described him as being erratic and temperamental and also somewhat of a bully. According to Wikipedia Jobs was a demanding perfectionist that wanted his business and products to be in the forefront of the technology industry.Steve Jobs may have been a little rough around the edges and difficult for some people to work with but I as well as many others have to admire his vision and determination to be the very best in the indust ry and sometimes hurting a few feelings along the way may be unavoidable. Steve Jobs will always be legendary for all that he has achieved for as long as there is information available for us to read. In conclusion I would like to restate what leadership means to me. According to all of my wonderful sources and personal experience I have learned that being a leader is a great deal more than just telling people what to do.Being a leader means to have a vision and being able to communicate it to other as well as developing a good relationship with them so that they will believe in your ability to lead. Steve Jobs may not have always been the most likeable person on the block but his persuasiveness and ability to project his vision was unparalleled. Being a good leader also means being a good follower. This is a concept that many leaders forget but is very fundamental in getting people to believe in one’s ability to be a good leader rather than the employee just viewing that per son as someone telling them what to do.There are also many times when the decision that the leader makes is not always the most popular one but if the person that is in leadership learns to evaluate their selves as I mentioned that I learned from a project that is going on in Medtronic Inc. they will learn to be confident in their decisions and evaluate that the right course of action is being made. I now know that to be an effective leader I will have a vision and pursue knowledge in spite of any obstacles that may come into my path to success. I will persevere and learn from my failures and learn to be persuasive hopefully in a manner similar to Steve Jobs.